It is a stepbystep process that leads to the development of a disease, resulting in a series of changes in the structure and function. Periodontitis is the most common chronic bacterial infection and osteolytic disease, leading to edentulism and affecting life quality and general health 1,2. By two years of age, 70% of cats and 80% of dogs have some form of periodontal disease. Experimental gingivitis studies in the 1960s 2 elegantly demonstrated that gingivitis is the response of the body to the build. Muna s elburki 2018 he etiology and pathogenesis o periodontal isease k entistry. The study highlights the importance of innate susceptibility in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Introduction periodontal disease is the number one health problem. Oct 18, 2015 etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease pdf by alexandrina l. Most patients with moderate to severe periodontal disease. Tobacco contains chemicals that can slow the healing process. In the presence of active disease, the epithelial migration causes a deep periodontal pocket. Inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Topics covered range from microbial pathogenic factors of p. In this study, the outcomes after 20 years of periodontal treatment were.
The etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. But so far, it has not been determined whether gum disease is the cause of these conditions. The pathogenesis of periodontal diseases is mediated by the inflammatory response to bacteria in the dental biofilm fig. No matter where you are in your career, we would welcome you and encourage you to consider joining our community. Some of the factors in the adult animal that play a major role in the development of periodontal diseases are discussed in this article, including overcrowding, malocclusions, diet, developmental defects, and metabolic and systemic disease. Research article regulator of calcineurin 1 in periodontal. The immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease ohlrich.
Baoj dentistry an open access ournal solume 4 ssue 2 042 citation. If you have been told you have periodontal gum disease, youre not alone. Treatment planning in periodontics, as with any disease, must be based on an understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases in primary care 7 management of patients with dental implants 51 7. Prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases in. Understand the pathogenesis of periodontal disease 2. Inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontitis tulay yucellindberg and tove bage periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium involving interactions between bacterial products, numerous cell populations and inflammatory mediators. Periodontal diseases comprise a wide range of inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting structures of the teeth the gingiva, bone and periodontal ligament, which could lead to tooth loss and contribute to systemic inflammation. Page 2 of 8 periodontal disease, localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis, other microorganisms have been highlighted, ie. In periodontology, the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis are related but tend to be described separately, and although the clinical and histological changes that occur are well known, the details of. Nuclear factor of activated tcells nfat and nfkb pathway associated processes are involved in the pathogenesis of various inammatory disorders, for example, periodontal disease. These included the initial, early, and established lesions manifested clinically as gingivitis, and the advanced lesion manifested as periodontitis. Introduction it is currently believed that most periodontal diseases are mixed infections associated with relatively specific groups of indigenous oral bacteria. Know the risk factors for periodontal disease and the factors that may play a role in responsiveness to periodontal therapy 3.
The first challenge is to understand exactly what is meant by the term pathogenesis. Host response mechanisms in periodontal diseases scielo. The two most prevalent and most investigated periodontal diseases are dental plaqueinduced gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. Sep 27, 2017 periodontal disease, or periodontitis, is a globally widespread pathology of the human oral cavity. Periodontal disease is a group of illnesses located in the gums and dental support structures ligament and alveolar bone and are produced by certain bacteria. Salivary cytokines as biomarkers of periodontal diseases.
As these increase in size, they coalesce and merge together. Pdf on jul 21, 2018, muna s elburki and others published the etiology and. The progression of periodontal disease is outlined in figure 2, page 3. Periodontal epithelium provides a physical barrier to infection and has an active role in the innate host defense, because the epithelial cells are in constant contact with bacterial. Thus, the pathogenesis of periodontal disease lesions is in part dependent upon the virulence as well as the presence and concentrations of microorganisms capable of producing disease. Brush, clean between your teeth, eat a balanced diet, avoid tobacco and schedule regular. It may form on teeth, mucosa or other solid surfaces. The human oral cavity is a highly diverse ecosystem with more than 500 species of bacteria, including cultivable and noncultivable species. In particular, the effect of systemic disease on periodontal health was recognized and added as a category. In this context, it has slowly become recognized over the.
In gingivitis, the gums become red, swollen and can bleed easily. The pathogenesis of periodontal diseases this informational paper was prepared by the research, science, and therapy committee of the american academy of periodontology, and is intended for the information of the dental profession. If the dentist suspects that you may have periodontal disease. In periodontology, the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis are. Informational paper the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The earliest cytokine studies in periodontal research can be dated back to the 1980s 20, 62 and coincide. The sci indicates that this paper has been cited in more than 405 publications.
Indeed, approximately 10% of the global adult population is highly vulnerable to severe. The immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease ej ohlrich, mp cullinan, gj seymour faculty of dentistry, university of otago, dunedin, new zealand. You dont have to lose teeth to periodontal diseases. Lee 2 dental plaque biofilm infection ecological point of view ecological community evolved for survival as a whole complex community of more than 400.
Periodontal disease, cardiovascular disease, atheroma, oral pathogens, actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans aa, porphyromonas gingivalis pg. Beginning with the observation that periodontal diseases are associated with the presence of a bacterial plaque or biofilm, our understanding has evolved to the realization that specific bacterial profiles exist within dental biofilms in association with specific. Prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases in primary care. It is believed that infection due to a group of gramnegative anaerobes known as the redcomplex is responsible for causing periodontitis, a chronic inflammation of the tooth supporting tissue that leads to tooth loss.
Pathogenesis of periodontal disease flashcards quizlet. The pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal disease. Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease that can usually be reversed with daily brushing and flossing, and regular cleaning by a dentist or dental hygienist. The role of immune system in the development of periodontal. The immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease ohlrich 2009. Transition from health to disease in the periodontium is associated with a gradual change from a symbiotic to a pathogenic hostmicrobial relationship 3,4. It is generally accepted that periodontitis is initiated. Periodontal diseases as bacterial infection introduction the term infection is used to refer to the presence and multiplication of microorganisms in the body 1. Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease pdf by alexandrina l. Pathogenesis is the sequence of events leading to the occurrence of a disease. Periodontal disease is a complex, multifactorial disease that occurs in periodontal tissue 8, and most studies on the causes of periodontal diseases have mainly focused on the dominant bacteria. Recognizing whether you have periodontal disease the most certain way to find out if you have periodontal disease is to visit a dentist. Southern california veterinary dental specialties 5775 chesapeake court san diego, ca 92123 858 2792108. Pathogenesis and treatment of periodontitis intechopen.
Some of the factors in the adult animal that play a major role in the development of periodontal diseases are. Epidemiology of periodontal disease linkedin slideshare. If you use tobacco, ask your dentist or physician for information about how to successfully stop the habit. Periodontal disease, or periodontitis, is a globally widespread pathology of the human oral cavity. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases has greatly progressed over the past three decades. Alonsogonzalez r, perezhernandez a, silvestrerangil j, silvestre fj.
Knowledge of how immune mechanisms and inflammatory responses are regulated is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of complex diseases, such as periodontitis. In periodontal disease, interferon gamma is present at high levels in periodontal lesions, and is associated with progressive lesions or severe forms of periodontitis 46, 61, 88. Upon completion of this course, the clinician will be able to. Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases request pdf. Introduction periodontal disease is the number one health problem in small animal patients. Dumitrescu etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease represents a new concept in periodontology with its pronounced focus on understanding through knowledge rather than presenting the present valid answers. Start studying pathogenesis of periodontal disease. It is believed that infection due to a group of gramnegative. Many adults, however, develop some type of periodontal, or gum, diseasean infection of the tissues that support their teeth. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease request pdf. According to merriam websters collegiate dictionary, the word pathogenesis is defined as the origination and development of a disease. Assessment of attachment loss is critical to staging severity of disease figure 4, page 7. These deposits can be readily visualised with vegetable or synthetic dyes in disclosing solutions, and can become calci.
The last 10 to 15 years have seen the emergence of several important new findings and concepts regarding the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Periodontology aap went from 2 main periodontal disease categories to 5 table 1. Lee 4 microbiota associated with periodontal health, gingivitis, and advanced periodontal disease 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% healthy supragingival gingivitis crevicluar gramnegative rods grampositive rods gramnegative cocci grampositive cocci development of dental plaque biofilm. Adjunctive treatment modalities are also addressed in the book. Destructive periodontal disease columbia university. When gums are healthy, they continue to fit snugly around the teeth. Beginning with the observation that periodontal diseases are. In periodontology, the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis are related but tend to be described separately, and although the clinical and histological changes that occur are well known, the details of specific. Preventing periodontal disease b y the time people reach adulthood, their teeth and gingivae, or gums, have had quite a workout. Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease represents a new concept in periodontology with its pronounced focus on understanding through knowledge rather than presenting the present valid. Understanding periodontal pathogenesis is key to improving management strategies for this common, complex disease. Periodontal health and disease in a nutshell even though it is largely preventable, periodontal disease remains a major public health issue in all countries around the world. For centuries, the role of oral infection and inflammation in contributing to diseases elsewhere in the body has. Connections between the diseases in the periodontium and general health are described in detail.
Periodontal disease is defined in this document as chronic inflammatory diseases of bacterial aetiology that affect the toothsupporting soft and hard tissues. The periodontal disease is a chronic and degenerative disease that affects and remains localized on gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. The purpose of the paper is to provide an overview of current knowledge relating to the pathogenesis of. However, identification of the true pathogens in periodontitis has been elusive. Periodontal epithelium provides a physical barrier to infection and has an active role in the innate host defense, because the epithelial cells are in constant contact with bacterial products 6. Periodontal disease is the numberone cause of the early loss of teeth in dogs and cats. Indeed, approximately 10% of the global adult population is highly vulnerable to severe periodontitis. Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of. Epi upon demos people ology science epidemiology the science which deals with what falls upon people 2. Pdf the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Interleukin4 is another important adaptiveimmunity cytokine that induces proliferation of tcells and regulates bcell immunoglobulin secretion. Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease represents a new concept in periodontology with its pronounced focus on understanding through knowledge rather than presenting the present valid answers.
17 355 1303 1202 714 317 681 1582 58 1598 235 963 1645 328 441 1657 1403 28 1428 599 571 390 1214 1304 1027 625 11 624 913 1176 1158 217 1091 812 596 1196 1126 1128